{"id":2521,"date":"2024-01-29T09:34:10","date_gmt":"2024-01-29T12:34:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/holik.com.ar\/?page_id=2521"},"modified":"2024-07-07T13:39:24","modified_gmt":"2024-07-07T16:39:24","slug":"quantum-indistinguishability","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/holik.com.ar\/index.php\/quantum-indistinguishability\/","title":{"rendered":"Quantum Indistinguishability"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2521\" class=\"elementor elementor-2521\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-488055e elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-full elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"488055e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-329e657\" data-id=\"329e657\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cca19bb elementor--v-position-bottom elementor--h-position-center elementor-arrows-position-inside elementor-pagination-position-inside elementor-widget elementor-widget-slides\" data-id=\"cca19bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;navigation&quot;:&quot;both&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_hover&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_interaction&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;autoplay_speed&quot;:5000,&quot;infinite&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;transition&quot;:&quot;slide&quot;,&quot;transition_speed&quot;:500}\" data-widget_type=\"slides.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor-pro - v3.12.2 - 09-04-2023 *\/\n.elementor-slides .swiper-slide-bg{background-size:cover;background-position:50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;min-width:100%;min-height:100%}.elementor-slides .swiper-slide-inner{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:50%;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;padding:50px;margin:auto}.elementor-slides .swiper-slide-inner,.elementor-slides .swiper-slide-inner:hover{color:#fff;display:flex}.elementor-slides .swiper-slide-inner .elementor-background-overlay{position:absolute;z-index:0;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0}.elementor-slides .swiper-slide-inner .elementor-slide-content{position:relative;z-index:1;width:100%}.elementor-slides .swiper-slide-inner .elementor-slide-heading{font-size:35px;font-weight:700;line-height:1}.elementor-slides .swiper-slide-inner .elementor-slide-description{font-size:17px;line-height:1.4}.elementor-slides .swiper-slide-inner .elementor-slide-description:not(:last-child),.elementor-slides .swiper-slide-inner .elementor-slide-heading:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:30px}.elementor-slides .swiper-slide-inner .elementor-slide-button{border:2px solid #fff;color:#fff;background:transparent;display:inline-block}.elementor-slides .swiper-slide-inner .elementor-slide-button,.elementor-slides .swiper-slide-inner .elementor-slide-button:hover{background:transparent;color:inherit;text-decoration:none}.elementor--v-position-top .swiper-slide-inner{align-items:flex-start}.elementor--v-position-bottom .swiper-slide-inner{align-items:flex-end}.elementor--v-position-middle .swiper-slide-inner{align-items:center}.elementor--h-position-left .swiper-slide-inner{justify-content:flex-start}.elementor--h-position-right .swiper-slide-inner{justify-content:flex-end}.elementor--h-position-center .swiper-slide-inner{justify-content:center}body.rtl .elementor-widget-slides .elementor-swiper-button-next{left:10px;right:auto}body.rtl .elementor-widget-slides .elementor-swiper-button-prev{right:10px;left:auto}.elementor-slides-wrapper div:not(.swiper-slide)>.swiper-slide-inner{display:none}@media (max-width:767px){.elementor-slides .swiper-slide-inner{padding:30px}.elementor-slides .swiper-slide-inner .elementor-slide-heading{font-size:23px;line-height:1;margin-bottom:15px}.elementor-slides .swiper-slide-inner .elementor-slide-description{font-size:13px;line-height:1.4;margin-bottom:15px}}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-slides-wrapper elementor-main-swiper swiper\" dir=\"ltr\" data-animation=\"fadeInUp\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-wrapper elementor-slides\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-repeater-item-677b9f8 swiper-slide\"><div class=\"swiper-slide-bg elementor-ken-burns elementor-ken-burns--in\"><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide-inner\" ><div class=\"swiper-slide-contents\"><div class=\"elementor-slide-heading\">Quantum Indistinguishability<\/div><div class=\"elementor-slide-description\">The Problem Of Identical Particles<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5d33ebc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5d33ebc\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b4f5f07\" data-id=\"b4f5f07\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60b093f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"60b093f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.13.2 - 11-05-2023 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Identical particles<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-850d899 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"850d899\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.13.2 - 11-05-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Quantum systems of the same kind seem to have a very peculiar property: there are situations in which it is not possible to decide which particle is which. Roughly speaking, <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/philsci-archive.pitt.edu\/19495\/1\/New%20Fock-arXiv.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">quantum systems cannot be labeled or counted<\/span><\/a> in the usual sense. How can that be?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-54a682f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"54a682f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac8713\" data-id=\"2ac8713\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd45238 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"bd45238\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.13.2 - 11-05-2023 *\/\n.elementor-column .elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--spacer-size)}.e-con{--container-widget-width:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer{width:var(--container-widget-width,var(--spacer-size));--align-self:var(--container-widget-align-self,initial);--flex-shrink:0}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container,.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer{height:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer>.elementor-spacer-inner,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer>.elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--container-widget-height,var(--spacer-size))}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d0a0ed8 animated-slow elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"d0a0ed8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInRight&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-19f08ab\" data-id=\"19f08ab\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-079c179 elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"079c179\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInRight&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcb51d4 elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bcb51d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What happens with identity?<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-112487d elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"112487d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">How is it possible that quantum systems can be prepared in states where the constituents cannot be labeled or identified? Some physicists were led to the conclusion that quantum systems are not individuals. That was the remarkable conclusion of the Nobel Prize winner Erwin Schrodinger.<\/span><span style=\"color: #ffffff; font-family: Aktiv, sans-serif; font-size: 24px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-21443ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"21443ca\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-55d11d4\" data-id=\"55d11d4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f33dfe3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"f33dfe3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bfeb097 animated-slow elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"bfeb097\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInLeft&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a8654fd\" data-id=\"a8654fd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-45401ea elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"45401ea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInRight&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c38829 elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9c38829\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A new ontology<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0792a8d elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0792a8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">If quantum systems are not individuals, what are they then? This question led to very different positions in the Foundations of Physics community. For an up-tp-date overview of the problem of quantum indistinguishability, have a look at the following<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/blog\/2023\/07\/identity-individuality-indistinguishability\/\"> Special Issue of PRSTA<\/a><\/span>.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ffffff; font-family: Aktiv, sans-serif; font-size: 24px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-972635c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"972635c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-842c28d\" data-id=\"842c28d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6f2bd4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"b6f2bd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-684d557 animated-slow elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"684d557\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInRight&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5f305b6\" data-id=\"5f305b6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-347c0e0 elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"347c0e0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInRight&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e979009 elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e979009\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Our developments<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05ccf70 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"05ccf70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">I have focused on the problem of quantum indistinguishability since the beginning of my career. In that path, I have joined forces with several experts in the field to gain a better understanding of this intriguing feature of quantum physics. Currently, I am working on a project aimed to use the notion of indistinguishability <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full\/10.1098\/rsta.2022.0100\">to form the basis of a new ontology<\/a><\/span> for quantum physics.\u00a0 In particular, to understand the connections between <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26788024\">quantum indistinguishability and quantum contextuality<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Quantum IndistinguishabilityThe Problem Of Identical Particles Identical particles Quantum systems of the same kind seem to have a very peculiar property: there are situations in which it is not possible to decide which particle is which. Roughly speaking, quantum systems cannot be labeled or counted in the usual sense. How can that be?\u00a0 What happens [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Quantum Indistinguishability - Federico Holik | Quantum<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/holik.com.ar\/index.php\/quantum-indistinguishability\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Quantum Indistinguishability - Federico Holik | Quantum\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Quantum IndistinguishabilityThe Problem Of Identical Particles Identical particles Quantum systems of the same kind seem to have a very peculiar property: there are situations in which it is not possible to decide which particle is which. Roughly speaking, quantum systems cannot be labeled or counted in the usual sense. 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